Erythrocyte concentrations of chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, selenium and zinc in subjects with different physical training levels.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to determine changes occurring in the erythrocyte concentrations of chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) in male subjects with different training levels living in the same region (Spain). METHODS: Thirty sedentary subjects (24.34 ± 3.02 years) formed the control group (CG); 24 moderately trained (4-7 h/week) subjects (23.53 ± 1.85 years) formed the group with a moderate degree of training (MTG) and 22 professional cyclists (23.29 ± 2.73 years), who performed more than 20 h/week of training, formed the high-level training group (HTG). Erythrocyte samples were collected from all subjects in fasting conditions, washed and frozen at - 80 °C until analysis. Erythrocyte analysis of trace elements was performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). RESULTS: The results showed that there was a statistically significant lower erythrocyte concentration of Cu, Mn, Mo and Zn in the MTG and HTG than CG. Se was only significantly lower in HTG than CG. The correlation analysis indicates that this change was correlated with training in the case of Cu, Mn, Se and Zn. All results are expressed in µg/g Hb. CONCLUSIONS: We can conclude that physical training produces a decrease in erythrocyte concentrations of Cu, Mn, Se and Zn, which can cause a decrement in athletes' performance given the importance of these elements. For this reason, erythrocyte monitoring during the season would seem to be advisable to avoid negative effects on performance.

Influence of a 6-month physical training program on serum and urinary concentrations of trace metals in middle distance elite runners.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this survey was to determine the effects of an aerobic physical training program of six months duration on the serum and urinary concentrations of essential trace elements among middle distance runners and untrained, non-sportsmen participants. METHODS: 24 well-trained, middle-distance (1500 and 5000 m), aerobic male runners (AG) were recruited at the beginning of their training season and 26 untrained males formed the control group (CG). All participants were from the same region of Spain, and all of them had been living in this area for at least two years. Serum and urine of samples of Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Molybdenum (Mo), Selenium (Se), Vanadium (V) and Zinc (Zn) were obtained at the beginning of the training season, and six months later, from all participants. All samples were analyzed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). RESULTS: Two-way ANOVA showed significant differences relative to group effect in serum concentrations of Co, Cu, Mn, Mo, Se and Zn. Attending to time effect, there were differences in Mn (p = 0.003) and Zn (p = 0.001). The group x time interaction revealed differences only in the case of Mn (p = 0.04). In urine, significant differences between group were obtained in Co, Cu, Mn, Se and V. Time effect showed changes in Co, Cy, Mo and Se. Finally, the group and time interaction revealed significant differences in urinary Cu (p = 0.001), Mn (p = 0.01) and Se (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A six-month aerobic training program for well-trained athletes induced modifications in the body values of several minerals, a fact which may reflect adaptive responses to physical exercise. The obtained data could be interesting for physicians or coaches in order to consider specific modifications in sportsmen's diets as well as to determine specific nutritional supplementation strategies.

Influence of an exercise until exhaustion in serum and urinary concentrations of toxic minerals among professional athletes, a preliminary approach.

The aim of the present survey was to determine differences in the serum and urinary concentrations of several toxic trace elements (As, Be, Cd, Cs and Pb) between long distance runners and non-sportsmen living in the same area of Extremadura (Spain) in basal conditions as well as after the performance of a maximal effort test until exhaustion. 21 Spanish national long-distance runners were recruited before the start of their training season and 26 untrained students. All of them had similar ages. The effort test consisted in running on a treadmill incrementally in stages, until exhaustion. Serum and urine analysis of trace metals was performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In the statistics the urine and blood basal concentrations was analyzed first using Student t test. Then the differences between the pre and post-test values were analyzed using Wilcoxon test. The serum concentrations of Be (p < 0.001), Cd (p < 0.01), Cs (p < 0.001) and Pb (p < 0.001) were higher in the athletes than the control groups in basal conditions. In relation to the exercise, the results showed that there were lower serum concentrations of Be, Cd and Pb after the test, but without statistically significance, in both groups. Cs (p < 0.001) concentrations were statistically lower after the exercise tests in both groups, but if the parameters were corrected in relation to hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations the differences were significant only among the athletes. In urine, the concentrations of Be (p < 0.001) and Cd (p < 0.01) were higher among athletes than among controls, being the opposite case for urinary Pb values. In relation to the exercise-induced effect of the test, the results showed that among controls only Cd values were modified, but if creatinine corrections are applied this difference does not reach statistical significance. However, sportsmen suffered a diminution in Be values, that can be observed only if urine values are corrected. Also, an increase in Cd, both in corrected and normal values, was observed, fact that occurred also in the case of Cs, but only if urinary values are corrected. It can be concluded that an incremental exercise to exhaustion among elite athletes of long distance modalities can produce changes in serum and urinary concentrations of toxic trace elements which may reflect an adaptive mechanism to prevent toxicity, and which could be an interesting outcome for physicians in the treatment and prevention of toxic situations.

Influencia de la actividad física sobre la eliminación urinaria de minerales y elementos traza en sujetos que viven en la misma área geográfica / Influencia da atividade física sobre a excressão urinária de minerais eoligoelementos em sujeitos que vivem em mesma área geográfica / Influence of physical activity on urinary excretion of minerals and traceelements in subjects who live in the same geographic area

Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer las concentraciones de los macroelementos magnesio y fósforo, y de los elementos traza arsénico, boro, litio, cesio, rubidio, estaño y estroncio, en orina de sujetos sedentarios y deportistas, que viven en la misma región. Método. Se analizó la concentración urinaria de los metales descritos antes. La muestra estaba constituida por un grupo de 21 atletas de fondo y un grupo control formado por 26 sujetos sedentarios. Se registraron medidas antropométricas, la frecuencia cardíaca y la presión arterial en reposo. Fueron sometidos a una prueba de esfuerzo para determinar la frecuencia cardíaca máxima, el consumo máximo de oxígeno, la ventilación pulmonar y el cociente respiratorio. Se tomaron muestras de la primera orina de la mañana de todos los sujetos. Resultados. Los atletas presentaron valores significativamente inferiores (p < 0.001) en índice de masa corporal, grasa corporal (p < 0.001) y frecuencia cardíaca de reposo (p < 0.001). La frecuencia cardíaca máxima, el consumo máximo de oxígeno (p < 0.001) y la ventilación pulmonar (p < 0.05) fueron mayores en el grupo de atletas respecto al grupo control. No existieron diferencias significativas en las concentraciones urinarias de fósforo, arsénico, boro, litio, rubidio y estroncio. Las concentraciones urinarias de magnesio (p < 0.001) y estaño (p < 0.05) fueron menores en los atletas que en el grupo control. Además, las concentraciones urinarias de cesio (p < 0.05) eran mayores en deportistas respecto al grupo control. Conclusiones. Los concentraciones de los elementos analizados se encuentran en rangos normales, no existiendo, por tanto, riesgo para la salud. La realización de entrenamiento sistemático provoca una menor eliminación de magnesio y estaño y mayor de cesio, que evitaría la toxicidad por su acumulación, no perjudicando su rendimiento (AU)

Objetivo. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as concentrações do macroelementos magnésio e fósforo, e oligoelementos arsênio, boro, lítio, césio, rubídio, estanho e estrôncio de urina indivíduos sedentários e atletas que vivem na mesma região. Método. Foi avaliada a concentração urinária dos metais acima mencionados. A amostra foi constituída por um grupo de 21 atletas de fundo e um grupo de 26 indivíduos sedentários para grupo controle. Medidas antropométricas, frequência cardíaca e pressão arterial de repouso foram registrados. Eles foram submetidos a um teste de estresse para determinar frequência cardíaca máxima, o consumo máximo de oxigênio, ventilação pulmonar e quociente respiratório. Foram coletados as amostras da primeira urina da manhã de todas os sujeitos. Resultados. Atletas tiveram valores significativamente menores (p < 0.001) no índice de massa corporal, gordura corporal (p < 0.001) e frequência cardíaca em repouso (p < 0.001). A frequência cardíaca máxima, o consumo máximo de oxigênio (p < 0.001) e ventilação pulmonar (p < 0.05) foram maiores no grupo de atletas no grupo de controle. Não houve diferenças significativas em concentrações urinárias de fósforo, arsénio, boro, lítio, rubídio e estrôncio. As concentrações urinárias de magnésio (p < 0.001) e estanho (p < 0.05) foram mais baixas nos atletas do que no grupo de controle. Além disso, as concentrações urinárias de césio (p < 0.05) foram maiores em atletas em comparação com o grupo de controle. Conclusões. As concentrações dos elementos analisados se encontram em intervalos normais, portanto, não há risco para a saúde. A realização de treinamentos sistemáticos provoca uma menor excreção de magnésio, estanho e césio que evita maior toxicidade por acumulo, não prejudicando o desempenho (AU)

Objective. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of macroelements magnesium and phosphorus, and the trace elements arsenic, boron, lithium, cesium, rubidium, tin and strontium in urine of sedentary subjects and long distance athletes, who live in the same area. Method. It was evaluated the urinary concentration of the metals mentioned before. The sample consisted of a group of 21 long-distance athletes. Twenty-six sedentary subjects formed the control group. The procedure consisted of recording anthropometric measurements, heart rate and blood pressure at rest. Then a stress test was performed to determine the maximum heart rate, maximum oxygen consumption, pulmonary ventilation and respiratory exchange ratio. Samples of the first morning urine of all subjects were obtained. Results. Athletes had significantly lower levels (P < .001) of body mass index, body fat (P < .001) and resting heart rate (P < .001). Maximum heart rate and maximum oxygen consumption (P < .001) and pulmonary ventilation (P < .05) were higher in the group of athletes. No differences were observed in urinary concentrations of phosphorus, arsenic, boron, lithium, rubidium and strontium. Urinary concentrations of magnesium (P < .001) and tin (P < .05) were lower in athletes than the control group. However, urinary concentrations of cesium (P < .05) were higher in athletes compared to the control group. Conclusions. Mineral concentrations analyzed are in normal values, so there is no risk to health. Training induces a less urinary excretion for magnesium and tin and an increase in cesium excretion, avoiding the toxicity because of cesium accumulation, without a performance decrease (AU)

Efecto ergogénico de la ingesta de fosfato sódico en sujetos físicamente activos / Ergogenic effect of sodium phosphate intake in physically active subjects

Este estudio pretende evaluar los efectos de la ingesta de fosfato sódico a corto plazo, sobre la composición corporal, serie roja y parámetros ergoespirométricos máximos y submáximos. A una muestra de 20 sujetos físicamente activos, separados en dos grupos, se les suministró fosfato sódico durante 7 días (50 mg/kg masa magra) o placebo. Ambos grupos realizaron una prueba de esfuerzo incremental máxima en cicloergómetro, siguiendo el protocolo Fatmax, se les determinó la composición corporal y se les realizó un hemograma antes y después de la suplementación. En el grupo experimental, se observó una disminución en el peso e índice de masa corporal (IMC), un aumento en la potencia máxima alcanzada y una mejor eficiencia energética en la zona Fatmax. No se observaron cambios en parámetros hematológicos. Estos resultados pueden atribuir un efecto ergogénico al fosfato sódico en actividades aeróbicas y aquellas donde el peso corporal influya en el rendimiento (AU)

This study aims to evaluate the effects of short-term sodium phosphate intake upon body composition, haemogram, maximal ergospirometer parameters and submaximal ones in the maximal fat oxidation zone (Fatmax). 20 active subjects participated in this study randomly divided into two groups: The experimental group which ingested sodium phosphate for 7 days (50 mg/kg lean mass) and the placebo group. Both performed an incremental maximal cycle ergo meter test following the Fatmax protocol, body composition assessment and blood analysis (CBC) before and after the supplementation period. In the experimental group, phosphate supplementation produced a decrease in weight and body mass index (BMI), an increase in maximal power output and it also improved energy efficiency in the Fatmax zone. No changes were observed in the parameters listed in the CBC. These results may attribute an ergogenic effect of sodium phosphate in aerobic activities and sports where body weight is considered to be an important factor for performance (AU)

Effects of regular and abusive intake of alcohol at weekends on physiological parameters in Spanish young.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of excessive intake at weekends, on different parameters in young university students. STUDY DESIGN: Cross sectional, descriptive study. METHODS: A group of 180 subjects were selected (young males between 18 and 22 years old) and were classified into three groups by their alcohol consumption habits: The control group of non-drinkers (ND; n = 60), the group of one day/weekend drinkers (1D/W, n = 60) and the group of two day/weekend drinkers (2D/W, n = 60). An evaluation of the body composition, a spirometry test (FVC, PEF and MVV), a maximal cycle ergometer test (Heart rate, blood pressure, VO2 max, total watts and time test until exhaustion), a blood sample (GOT, Triglycerides, Total Cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and Glucose) were performed. RESULTS: It was observed that 2D/W group presented significantly higher levels than ND in the following parameters: total cholesterol [185.66 (16.06) compared to 154.28 (25.53) mg/dl]; triglycerides [113.66 (22.47) compared to 45.75 (12.76) mg/dl]; systolic blood pressure [130 (9.50) compared to 115 (5.77) mmHg] and waist to hip ratio [0.92 (0.08) compared to 0.84 (0.05)], and 1D/W group also showed significantly higher levels of triglycerides [71.04 (24.31) compared to 45.75 (12.76) mg/dl] than ND. Moreover, it was confirmed that the accumulation of triglycerides in weekend drinkers is influenced by smoking and the lack of physical activity, and that the relationship between alcohol drinking and systolic blood pressure could be modified by smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Young people's abusive intake of alcohol at weekends can cause negative changes in various health parameters, similar to those observed in alcoholics that drink regularly during the week.

Effects of aerobic exercise on urinary estrogens and progestagens in pre and postmenopausal women.

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effect of 6 months of aerobic exercise on urinary excretion of female steroid hormones in pre and postmenopausal women and to check the basal values of urinary steroid. To this end, 20 premenopausal (age 45.56 ± 4.06 years) and 20 postmenopausal (age 52.27 ± 3.80 years) women, all sedentary, were studied before and after a supervised 6-month exercise training program (at 60-70% of maximal heart rate, 60 min/day, 3 days/week), based on aerobic dance. The exercise included standing on one leg, squatting, walking, and touching their heels. Before and after the program, anthropometric data and VO(2max) were measured and urine samples were collected and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/Q-MS). Both, pre and postmenopausal women, improved their VO(2max) after the aerobic exercise program. Regarding the urinary steroids, on the one hand, important differences were observed between urinary estrogens and progestagens in pre and postmenopausal women in basal values. Estrone (P < 0.05), pregnanediol (P < 0.01), pregnanetriol (P < 0.05), and estriol (P < 0.01) levels were lower in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women. On the other hand, the aerobic exercise program did not affect postmenopausal women in the same way as premenopausal women. After the exercise program, no changes in urinary steroid levels were observed in premenopausal women. However, the aerobic exercise program caused an increase in urinary excretion of pregnanediol (P < 0.05) and pregnanetriol (P < 0.05) in postmenopausal women.

Comparison of urine toxic metals concentrations in athletes and in sedentary subjects living in the same area of Extremadura (Spain).

Cadmium (Cd), tungsten (W), tellurium (Te), beryllium (Be), and lead (Pb), are non-essential metals pervasive in the human environment. Studies on athletes during training periods compared to non-training control subjects, indicate increased loss of minerals through sweat and urine. The aim of this study was to compare the level of these trace elements, determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in urine samples, between athletes and age-matched sedentary subjects living in the same geographical area, although anthropometric and cardiovascular measurements showed that athletes have significantly (P ≤ 0.001) lower BMI, body fat and heart rate, whereas the muscle and bone percentage was significantly (P ≤ 0.001) higher than in sedentary subjects. The validity of the methodology was checked by the biological certified reference material. Trace element analysis concentrations, expressed in µg/mg creatinine, of five toxic elements in urine from athletes (n = 21) versus sedentary subjects, (n = 26) were as follows: Cd (0.123 ± 0.075 vs. 0.069 ± 0.041, P ≤ 0.05); W (0.082 ± 0.053 vs. < limit of detection); Te (0.244 ± 0.193 vs. 0.066 ± 0.045, P ≤ 0.001), Be (0.536 ± 0.244 vs. 0.066 ± 0.035, P ≤ 0.001); Pb (0.938 ± 0.664 vs. 2.162 ± 1.444 P ≤ 0.001). With the exception of Pb, urine toxic metal concentrations from athletes were higher than from sedentary subjects. This fact suggests that physical activity counteracts, at least in part, the cumulative effect of toxic environment by increasing the urine excretion of toxic metals in trained people.

Endovascular treatment for pseudoaneurysms after surgical correction of aortic coarctation.

Late complications after surgical repair of aortic coarctation are not uncommon. Among these complications pseudoaneurysms are the most frequent complications, occurring between 3 and 38%. Reoperation in these patients is associated with high morbidity and mortality. In the last decade, endovascular techniques emerged as an alternative to conventional surgery with excellent results. We report the case of two patients who presented with pseudoaneurysms after surgical correction for aortic coarctation, which were treated by endovascular means.

Carotid artery stenting without angioplasty and cerebral protection: a single-center experience with up to 7 years' follow-up.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The use of cerebral protection during CAS in the treatment of carotid artery disease is matter of controversy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of CASWBAP in a large cohort of patients, with ≤7 years' follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred thirty-six patients with 255 symptomatic carotid stenoses and/or with high-risk-morphology plaques of >50% and asymptomatic plaques of >70% were prospectively identified. Patients underwent neurologic and carotid US examination before the procedure and during follow-up at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months and annually thereafter. Plain films of the neck were obtained immediately after the procedure and then at 1 and 3 months. RESULTS: Technical success was achieved in 253/255 (99%) patients. Primary stent placement was successful in 248/253 (98%) patients. Neurologic periprocedural complications within 30 days included 1 (0.4%) nondisabling stroke, 1 (0.4%) disabling stroke, 11 (4.3%) TIAs, and 1 (0.4%) death. The mean duration of follow-up was 23 ± 1.4 months (range, 3-84 months). During the follow-up period, there were 9 additional deaths (7 unrelated to the carotid disease and 2 stroke-related) and 2 strokes (in other vascular territories). The degree of stenosis decreased from a mean of 82% before the procedure to a mean of 30% immediately after. During follow-up, 38 (14.8%) angioplasties were performed due to restenosis in 19 (7.4%) patients, lack of stent expansion in 14 (5.4%), or both in 5 (1.9%). CONCLUSIONS: CASWBAP is effective and safe with a low incidence of periprocedural complications, providing satisfactory long-term clinical results.

The effect of high level tennis matches on urine steroid profiles in professional tennis players.

AIM: Modern day, tennis matches are characterized by shorter and more intense efforts with players enduring great physical and psychological stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate acute changes in the urinary steroid profile of elite tennis players following professional tournament matches. METHODS: Eight professional male tennis players participated in this study. Urine samples were collected before and after tennis matches corresponding to the quarter finals of the Spanish Tennis Masters. RESULTS: After the match, there was a significant fall (P<0.05) in testosterone, androsterone, etiocholanolone, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Cortisone increased whereas tetrahydrocortisone (THE) decreased. The anabolic/catabolic hormone ratio also decreased, although only the fall in total suprarenal androgen (TSA)/total corticosteroid (TC) and DHEA/(THE+THF) ratios had a significant decrease (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that a professional tennis match modifies the urine steroid profiles of players, increasing corticosteroid and decreasing androgen excretion in urine, suggesting an important adrenal activation.

Primary stenting immediatly after surgery in occluded anastomoses of aortoaortic tube graft: a case report.

The conventional elective open procedures for abdominal aortic aneurysm repair are reliable and yield durable results. The aortoaortic tube graft has the lowest morbidity incidence when compared with different techniques. Albeit infrequent, thrombosis can be present in the first 30 days. Its treatment consists in thrombectomy and anastomosis evaluation, but with an increase in morbidity, especially in patients with urgent reintervention. This is a case report of a patient with aortoaortic tube graft, who present critical left limb ischemia immediately after surgical procedure. Angiography showed complete occlusion of left common iliac artery, affecting the distal graft anastomosis. The occlusion was resolved with endovascular treatment, and a noncovered, self-expanding, nitinol stent was deployed (primary stenting) covering the distal bypass anastomosis, with no complications and complete lower limb perfusion recovery. One month later, the patient was still asymptomatic, with distal pulse palpable and ankle-brachial index 1.

Effect of different exercise intensities on oxidative stress markers and antioxidant response in trained cyclists.

Traditionally, physical activity has been associated with beneficial effects on the organism. However, exercise has been shown to increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to a point that can exceed antioxidant defences, causing oxidative stress. Characteristics of exercise such as the intensity or duration seem to be associated with oxidative damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of exercise of two different cycling intensities on oxidative stress and antioxidant response in trained males. Twenty male trained cyclists participated in this study. The maximal exercise test consisted of an incremental cycling test until voluntary exhaustion, and the submaximal test was a steady state at 75% VO(2max) for 30 min on a cycloergometer. In maximal exercise test (16+/-4 min of cycling), the results showed an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) from 40.6+/-2.0 to 45.4+/- 18.4 microM (p<0.05) in plasma and from 0.21+/-0.10 to 0.23+/-0.12 micromol/g Hb (P<0.05) in erythrocytes, also vitamin C increased in plasma from 3.80+/-1.60 to 5.20+/-2.16 mg/mL (P<0.05) and it decreased from 130.5+/-34.7 to 83.4+/-30.0 mg/g hemoglobin (P<0.05) in erythrocytes, whereas there were no changes in vitamin E concentrations. In submaximal exercise, no significant differences were obtained in MDA, vitamin C or vitamin E. In conclusion, short time of high intensity cycling leads to oxidative stress increasing plasma and decreasing erythrocyte vitamin C levels.

Salvage of a subacute failure in femoral dialysis loop graft using stent covering the arterial and venous anastomosis.

Endovascular treatment can be considered the first line therapy in the majority of dysfunctioning arteriovenous fistula. However, when early thrombosis of the arteriovenous access occurs, surgical treatment is recommended. In these cases, technical problems are the most frequent cause of the malfunction. We report a case of a subacute thrombosis of an arteriovenous fistula, femoral artery to femoral vein looped ePTFE with venous anastomosis occlusion and subocclusion lesion at the arterial anastomosis. Both anastomoses were treated using self-expandable stents, and no other intervention was necessary until the one-year follow-up for maintain patency.

Urinary steroid profile after the completion of concentric and concentric/eccentric trials with the same total workload.

High intensity strength training causes changes in steroid hormone concentrations. This could be altered by the muscular contraction type: eccentric or concentric. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of the completion of a short concentric (CON) and concentric/eccentric (CON/ECC) trial on the urinary steroid profile, both with the same total work. 18 males performed the trials on an isokinetic dynamometer (BIODEX III) exercising quadriceps muscles, right and left, on different days. Trial 1 (CON): 4 x 10 Concentric knee extension + relax knee flexion, speed 600/second; rest 90 seconds between each series and 4 minutes between each leg exercise. Trial 2 (CON/ECC): 4 x 5 concentric knee extension + Eccentric knee flexion under similar conditions. Urine samples were taken before the exercise and one hour after finishing it. Androsterone, Etiocholanolone, DHEA, Androstenedione, Testosterone, Epitestosterone, Dehydrotestosterone, Estrone, B-Estradiol, Tetrahydrocortisone, Tetrahydrocortisol, Cortisone and Cortisol (free, glucoconjugated and sulfoconjugated) urinary values were determined using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques. No significant differences were noted in Total Work and Average Peak Torque, although Maximum Peak Torque in the CON/ECC trial was higher than in the CON trial. These results demonstrate no changes in the steroid profile before and after trials, or when comparing CON to CON/ECC trials. The data suggest that eccentric contractions do not cause hormonal changes different to the ones produced by concentric contractions, when they are performed in strength short trials with the same total workload.

Perfil esteroideo urinario tras la realización de una sesión de ejercicio concéntrico y otra concéntrico/excéntrico con similar carga de trabajo total / Urinary steroid profile after the completion of concentric and concentric/eccentric trials with the same total workload

High intensity strength training causes changes in steroid hormone concentrations.This could be altered by the muscular contraction type: eccentric or concentric.The aim of this study was to compare the effect of the completion of a short concentric(CON) and concentric/eccentric (CON/ECC) trial on the urinary steroidprofile, both with the same total work. 18 males performed the trials on an isokineticdynamometer (BIODEX III) exercising quadriceps muscles, right and left, on differentdays. Trial 1(CON): 4x10 Concentric knee extension + relax knee flexion,speed 60º/second; rest 90 seconds between each series and 4 minutes between each legexercise. Trial 2(CON/ECC): 4x5 concentric knee extension + Eccentric knee flexionunder similar conditions. Urine samples were taken before the exercise and onehour after finishing it. Androsterone, Etiocholanolone, DHEA, Androstenedione,Testosterone, Epitestosterone, Dehydrotestosterone, Estrone, B-Estradiol, Tetrahydrocortisone,Tetrahydrocortisol, Cortisone and Cortisol (free, glucoconjugated andsulfoconjugated) urinary values were determined using gas chromatography/massspectrometry techniques. No significant differences were noted in Total Work andAverage Peak Torque, although Maximum Peak Torque in the CON/ECC trial washigher than in the CON trial. These results demonstrate no changes in the steroidprofile before and after trials, or when comparing CON to CON/ECC trials. Thedata suggest that eccentric contractions do not cause hormonal changes different tothe ones produced by concentric contractions, when they are performed in strengthshort trials with the same total workload(AU)

El entrenamiento de fuerza de alta intensidad provoca variaciones en la concentración de esteroides. El tipo de contracción muscular, excéntrica o concéntrica, podría ser un factor que la alterase. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el efecto de la realización de una sesión corta de ejercicio concéntrico (CON) y otra concéntrica/excéntrica (CON/EXC), con la misma carga de trabajo total, sobre el perfil esteroideo urinario. 18 hombres realizaron dos sesiones de ejercicio de corta duración utilizando una máquina isocinética (BIODEX III) en días diferentes y trabajando los músculos cuádriceps de ambas piernas. La sesión de ejercicio 1 (CON) fue un 4 x 10 rep de extensión concéntrica de rodilla más relajación en el movimiento de flexión, a una velocidad de 60º/segundo y con una recuperación de 90 seg. entre cada serie y 4 minutos entre cada una de las piernas. La sesión de ejercicio 2 (CON/EXC) fue un 4x 5 rep. de extensión concéntrica de rodilla más flexión excéntrica de rodilla, con las mismas condiciones de velocidad y recuperación. Muestras de orina fueron se tomaron antes del ejercicio y una hora después de finalizarlo. Los niveles urinarios (fracción libre, glucoconjugada y sulfoconjugada) de Androsterona, Etiocolanolona, DHEA, Androstenodiona, Testosterona, Epitestosterona, Dehidrotestosterona, Estrona, β-estradiol, Tetrahidrocortisona, Tetrahidrocortisol, Cortisona y Cortisol, se determinaron usando técnicas de cromatografía de gases espectrometría de masas. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en los valores de Trabajo Total y de Pico Torque Medio, aunque los valores de Pico Torque Máximo fueron más alto en el CON/EXC ejercicio que en el CON(AU)

Tampoco se observó ningún cambio en el perfil esteroideo urinario entre antes y después de las sesiones de ejercicio, o comparando las sesiones CON/EXC con la CON. Por tanto, los datos sugieren que las contracciones excéntricas no producen alteraciones hormonales diferentes a las producidas por las contracciones concéntricas, cuando se trata de sesiones de ejercicio de fuerza de corta duración con similar carga de trabajo total(AU)